The role of procoagulant microparticles in haemostasis Essay

The job of procoagulant microparticles in haemostasis - Essay Example Procoagulant MPs for the most part show up because of apoptosis and vascular cell actuation. An expansion in the degree of monocyte, platelet, or endothelial-inferred MPs coursing in the blood is related with CVD hazard factors and shows poor clinical result. They show vascular cell harm and meddle with atherothrombosis by applying impacts on vascular and platelets. Under malady conditions, cell cross-talk is bolstered by circling MPs support, which prompts vascular irritation, leukocyte bond, endothelial brokenness, and incitement. Practical tissue factor and uncovered film phosphatidyserine are procoagulant elements delivered by coursing MPs. Platelet determined MPs (PMPs) contain anionic phospholipid PS, which makes them unequivocally procoagulant. The expulsion of MPs from the blood of ordinary human plasma delays the thickening time (Ahn, 2005). Platelet determined MPs bolster thrombin age in plasma without platelets, which are significant for blood coagulating. Platelets struct ure a significant substrate for coagulation and their films give a surface to the development of prothrombinase complex. This protein is used in the change of fibrinogen to fibrin which joins with different components to frame a steady coagulation (Lawrie et al, 2009). The accessibility of platelet MPs at the site of vessel injury adds to the thickening procedure by giving an enormous surface film fundamental for enzymatic procedure. The presentation of phosphotidyserine during thrombin age increments enzymatic synergist impact. The enormous surface shaped by MPs is vital for enacting the coagulation course that frames the fibrin coagulation. Flowing MPs harbor cytoplasmic effectors or practical film that advances prothrombotic reactions (Ay et al, 2009). These MPs channel their procoagulant potential to the objective within the sight of the fitting counter ligands. They tie onto dissolvable immobilized fibrinogen shaping totals that improve the conveyance of procoagulant substances . In vitro, TF and TF-subordinate procoagulant component is encouraged by the connection of monocytes and endothelial MPs. TF is a constituent protein in minute sums that flips the endothelial procoagulant properties bringing about the inception of a TF-driven coagulating process. Blood-borne TF can be joined in the creating clots through a progression of TF-ward, CD15 and CD18, and cooperations. Blood-borne TF is for the most part held by PMPs and monocyte-determined MPs give the compound after lipopolysaccharide incitement. Polunuclear leukocytes and endothelial-inferred MPs additionally produce blood-borne TF under extraordinary endothelial actuation. These MPs give the necessary measure of TF and flow the chemical, which is vital for keeping up a hemostatic parity. MPs, selectins and TF converge into a significant group of three of apoplexy. The surfaces of platelet and endothelial cells contain a significant grip particle called P-selectin (Hugel et al, 2005). The atom is used during TF amassing and leukocyte consideration in the blood clot when an endothelial physical issue happens. The aggregation of hematopeic cell-inferred TF is like the MPs gathering energy before leukocyte-clots connection. A solvent P-selectin upgrades the creation of leukocyte-determined TF-MPs used to address hemostasis. The plasma levels of microparticles increment with age, which demonstrates the commitment of P-selectin pathway. P-selectin pathway additionally favors the exchange of PF into monocyte inferred

Mnrega free essay sample

The Act was advised in 200 regions in the main stage with impact from February second 2006 and reached out to extra 130 areas in the monetary year 2007-2008 (113 locale were informed with impact from April first 2007, and 17 regions in UP were told with impact from May fifteenth 2007). The rest of the regions were informed under the NREGA with impact from April 1, 2008. Accordingly NREGA covers the whole nation except for regions that have a 100% urban populace Key Stakeholders of NREGA includes Wage searchers, Gram Sabha, Panchayati Raj Institutions (uncommonly the gram panchayat), Program Officer at the square level, District Program Coordinator, State Government Ministry of Rural Development. During the initial a half year of the money related year 2011-12 according to reports accessible with the site of NREGA 31448266 families have requested business 30848011 have been given the work. The normal individual days per family unit comes to 27. 9 days. 567485 families got 100 days work under the plan. Table-1) The table-2 mirrors the insights regarding resources made under the plan. It give the subtleties of the assignments which was affirmed however not in progress, task taken up task finished. Table - 3 shows the insights regarding the assets discharged by the administration, it is obvious from the table that there is no lack of assets for the plan. Despite adequate accessibility of assets, readiness of the legislature to give work to the townspeople, the plan isn't getting because of different reasons. The principle explanations behind the moderately poor advancement of the plan are summed up as under. Deficiency of Manpower Shortage of labor to deal with the exercises at the Grama Panchayat level is a significant restricting component. Panchayats as a rule have various little tasks to be made up in their yearly Move plans. For execution of the tasks, foundation which incorporates site visit, planning of nitty gritty appraisals, checking of the work, estimation and counter-estimation of the work before readiness of the bills must be completed. By and large there is just a specialist or potentially junior architect is there, who is answerable for caring for crafted by at least one Gram Sabha. This prompts arrangement of point by point assesses in an easygoing manner without site visits, for the most part there is just a solitary visit by the building staff to the work site and the bill readiness is postponed by half a month. Without satisfactory supporting staff the working has gotten troublesome in the field. The Gram Panchayats have been given the obligations of enlistment, arrangement of the work schedule, subsidize the board and pay conveyance to the Panchayat Secretary is burdening him with an extra weight The Data Entry Operators posted for the taking care of related information are temporary worker who are not prepared for the plan, subsequently, their work is very mechanical. They likewise need to play out the obligations of a bookkeeper and confirm money related exchanges. Furthermore, being a transitory staff, they are allowed to stop whenever, which could dive the program into danger. As such there is a requirement for pooling of HR from government Departments and private establishments just as using the administrations of resigned authorities for setting up a far reaching Action Plan for at any rate next three to five years. GOI has permitted 6% use towards administrative expense in the program. This arrangement can be utilized by the State Governments to arrangement a prepared group of 4 to 5 people having building abilities. The group can deal with crafted by at least one gram panchayat. This group would have taken the program to more up to date statures. Preparing Needs: The people recognized/chose for the program as suggested above be bestowed preparing in conceptualizing program for distinguishing creative activities. Up until now, most of the activities distinguished and executed are basically identified with country availability, water system, desilting of tanks and so forth. The absence of really imaginative ventures is pointing towards the absence of an appropriate and logical essential study by conceptualizing improvement exercises. Limitation of Work to Household The operational rules of the NREGA portray a family unit as a family unit, including mother, father and their kids. What's more, a family alludes to a solitary part family. Still there is still a great deal of disarray about the meaning of this basic term. For example, reports from Madhya Pradesh (Dhar locale) show that gram panchayats treat joint families as one family unit, along these lines giving them a solitary activity card. Our nation has verifiably followed the arrangement of joint families; such practices will place joint families in a disadvantageous position it could prompt the finish of the custom of joint families in rustic India. Forswearing of enlistment There are a few episodes of disavowal of enrollment to single-womanheaded families and genuinely tested people. Segregation dependent on rank has likewise been noted in certain states like Gujarat. During a review directed by Participatory Research in real life (PRIA) in the territory of Uttar Pradesh (Sitapur area), ladies were debilitated from enrolling. In Gujarat (Sabarkantha region) the matured and truly tested were denied enrollment structures (report by Participatory Research in real life (PRIA); review embraced from April 25-May 25 out of 11 states. Constraining the work to 100 Days in a year The restricting of work to hundred days a year is likewise a lacuna in the Act. Despite the fact that there is an arrangement in the Act to raise the family unit work qualification past 100 days or extend it to each grown-up, lamentably this has not been given due consideration. Making Calendar for NREGS work. The NREGS are offering higher wages which prompts lack of laborers for rural work. So as to guarantee that the horticulture work doesn't endure due to NREGS work, it is recommended that NREGS works be kept open just when agrarian work isn't accessible. A work schedule can be produced for the period when farming work isn't accessible can be committed to NREGS work. It will forestall conflicts and resulting work deficiencies and compensation variances, and guarantees all year business. Support of Work finished under NREGA Timetable I of the Act records eight classes of works that should be â€Å"the focal point of the Scheme†. It incorporate (a) â€Å"water preservation and water harvesting†; (b) â€Å"drought proofing† (counting afforestation); (c) â€Å"irrigation channels including smaller scale and minor water system works†; (d) â€Å"provision of water system facility† to land claimed by family units having a place with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, recipients of land changes, or recipients of Indira Awas Yojana; (e) â€Å"renovation of customary water bodies† including desilting of tanks; (f) â€Å"land development†; g) â€Å"flood control and security works† remembering waste for water logged regions; and (h) â€Å"rural availability to give all-climate access†. What's more, there is a lingering ninth class: â€Å"any other work which might be advised by the Central Government in discussion with the State Governmentâ⠂¬ . By and by these works are being done under NREGA yet the subject of support of the work finished under the plan is an angle that has been disregarded and could removed the advantages to the partners at the appointed time of time. Bulky Procedure The bulky methodology to be trailed by the Grama Panchayat be made less complex. The act of sending the ventures to Block and District Panchayat for endorsement isn't just tedious but on the other hand is a refutation of decentralization. An increasingly powerful and quick method at the Block level for confirming the tasks would have filled the need better. Nonappearance of worksite offices The NREGA accommodates offices for safe drinking water, conceal for kids, times of rest and an emergency treatment box at the work site (Section 27, Schedule II of the NREGA). In any case, a great deal must be done to guarantee these offices, the striking nonappearance of which is a difficult that cuts across states. Little kids stay unattended, in the warmth. As an outcome, ladies are reluctant to carry their kids to the locales. It likewise constrains them to reevaluate about applying for work in any case. Trees go about as the main wellspring of shade for the country poor working at the locales. Non-accessibility of gather moves at the worksite It is uncommon for sure to discover summon moves at the worksites. Reports from across NREGA locale show that kutcha gather moves/participation sheets are being kept up by individuals at worksites. Harsh scratch pad and journals are being utilized to stamp participation and make wage installments. It is necessitated that the correct documentation of the work done under the plan be carriedout it ought to expose to outsider review. It will decrease the occasions of mis appointment of assets in a critical manner. Postponement in wage installments Delays in wage installments have consistently involved worry in past work projects, and this issue keeps on plagueing the NREGA. Compensation installments are postponed for quite a long time, now and then months. The time slack differs from state to state. In numerous states, laborers don't acquire least wages. This issue needs quick consideration of the executing specialists. Defilement in usage of plan There are reports from the different states that the assets under NREGA have been abused. Reports from the territory of Uttar Pradesh shows that the installments were discharged without beginning the work or the work have been demonstrated finished on paper just with no ground real factors. Now and again the gauge for a work were set up on higher side assets were abused by the actualizing offices. CBI has additionally begun examination of misappropriation of assets under NREGA in UP. Such sort of

an Easter vigil

an Easter vigil A cold and biting wind claws its way across campus, and a motley congregation gathered in the East Campus courtyard huddles together slightly closer. A man stands on the stage, a banner fluttering behind him. The banner says Live at EC. EC is short for East Campus. I do not know if live means verb, to live, or live, as in concurrently, alive, simultaneously, this-broadcast-is-live. I live at EC, on the second floor of the east parallel. In a window on the second floor, behind the man standing on the stage, a girl changes into a dress and back into a t-shirt. I do not know her. The man on the stage insists that he is not here to performhe is simply here to be himself. The musicians behind him slow jam while he vivaciously reads a testimony to the salvation he finds in God. It is the night before Easter. We are in the in-between, says another man, later that night. We rush too quickly from Jesus death to Jesus resurrection because we are uncomfortable with the uncertain temporariness of Jesus three-day decease. He pauses to let us feel the in-between. We are inside now. The second mans name is Christian. He says that remembering is like remembering a test question, but before that, remembering meant placing yourself in the remembered event. It meant immersion. It meant feeling the heat of the sun, hearing Jesus gasping for air and choking out his last words, flinching from the soldiers fists and the crowds condemning voice. Christian comes from Harvard. To help us remember, he reenacts the passion of Christ as a one-man show, from the Garden of Gesthemane until the tomb is sealed by Joseph of Arimathea. He wheezes, whispers, spits, and screams as Jesus did, or as Pilate did, or as Peter did. He stops before the resurrection, in the in-between. It is not Easter yet, only the night before EasterEaster Vigil. I miss every Easter Triduum service hosted by the Tech Catholic Community. On Holy Thursday I am in class. On Good Friday I have an exam. On Easter Vigil I am here. The chicken and rice prepared by the hospitality team is warm, and delicious. It is the only food I eat all day. I am asked to emcee for part of the concert. I gel my hair and put on a tie. Dress code is happy colors. I wear white. The performers I announce are talentedincredibly so. Some come from Berklee. They are singer-songwriters, voice principals, Christians. One has navy-blue hair. She plays the guitar and sings with a navy-blue voice. A man in a denim jacket plays a green violin. I cant feel my fingers, he laughs. Thats okay, though. He performs a medley that ends with Michael Jacksons P.Y.T. Passersby pause, curious. Two police cars patrol unassumingly in the street. I talk to a girl from Tanzania and remark offhandedly that there will be a lunar eclipse later tonight. The full moon will bleed crimson-red for three hours before returning to its usual white. She is surprised and asks if that is the reason for the concert. I tell her that the reason for the concert is not the lunar eclipse. The reason for the concert is Easter. The lunar eclipse is a convenient metaphor. Im so happy this is happening, says another passerby, who is also my friend and hallmate. We dance to Rather Be by Clean Bandit, covered by Nahid. Next to me, five people huddled in a beige blanket dance in tandem, like a hot potato. I talk to people that I have not seen recently and ask how they are doing. It is cold outside, but the people are warm and the mood is celebratory. Before the concert, the volunteers and performers gather in Talbot Lounge and pray. They pray for salvation, for MIT, for a burning revolution in campus spiritualism, for people to know God, for strength against demons and idols. Our demons and idols no longer look like Satan or Baal; they are intellectualism, schoolwork, careers, meritocracy, stress, depression, despair, suicide. An MIT freshman who lives three floors above me sings a song she wrote for Matthew and for Christina. Later in Talbot Lounge, when the stage has moved inside because the wind outside is too cold, the Berklee musicians end their set with an acoustic guitar-and-violin cover of Katy Perrys California Gurls. We laugh and sing. There are warm drinks. My boots are covered in mud, but I sit on the floor and unzip my jacket. The music is alive, and so am I, and so, I suppose, is MIT. For where two or three are gathered in my name, there I am among them Matthew 18:20.

Definition and Examples of Letters of Recommendation

The Social Problem With Teenage Pregnancy - 1358 Words

The social problem with teenage pregnancy is one to be aware of. Throughout the years we have seen the numbers all across the spectrum. This being, the number of pregnant teenage girls has decreased in recent years, but on the other hand, has also been pretty high ten to twenty years ago. According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control), â€Å"In 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to women ages 15-19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5 per 1,000 women in this age group. This is a record low for U.S. teens in this age group, and a drop of 10% from 2012† (CDC, 2015). When I saw this statistic I was shocked. It made me want to instantly know more about past years’ statistics as well as years to come and how these numbers will change in the coming future. If the rate of teen pregnancy dropped 10 percent in one year, will it continue to decrease? I am also curious to know why the numbers are dropping and if there is a specific reason for these numbers. So throughout this paper, I will explore the basics of teen pregnancy, including, why, and how it happens. Along side the basics, I will explore the specifics, including the rates for teen pregnancy, and if it is predicated these numbers will continue to decrease and the reason for the decrease in numbers. Then, the prevention and why it is important for teens to be informed of this social issue. As well as anything else I think I need to be fully informed on to help a client with a social issue like teen pregnancy.Show MoreRelatedThe Social Problem Of Teenage Pregnancy929 Words   |  4 Pagespositive. Occasionally, â€Å"average age† parents are not sufficiently prepared to deal with parenthood, thus a teenager is greatly less prepared. Therefore, teenage pregnancy has become a major social problem which fundaments should be understood in order to provide a solution to it. In order to understand a social problem such as teenage pregnancy, it is important to look firstly at its causes. In the first place, parents are of immense importance regarding a child’s development because they are theRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Parenthood As A Social Problem1466 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy and parenthood as a social problem Question – To what extent should we regard the efforts of recent governments to reduce teenage pregnancy and early parenthood as successful? * Source 1 Williams-Wheeler, D. (2004). The unplanned pregnancy book for teens and college students, Virginia Beach, VA: Sparkledoll Productions. The information gathered from this source is definitely devoted to the topic of teenage pregnancy because it is a helpful guide to those handling unplanned pregnanciesRead MoreThe Socio Economic Factors Of Teenage Pregnancy1517 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is normally identified as deprived life choice, for example, tasks of teenage parenting have long-term impact on the mental health of the mother and children (Statistics New Zealand, 2003). It is important to identify the socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy to lower the chances of mental health problems in young mothers. In this paper the aim is to analyse the main socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy and discuss how it affects the mental health of an adolescent motherRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teenage Pregnancy1620 Words   |  7 PagesServices). Teenage females associated with childbearing expose themselves to many risks and negative effects that can affect their future. Females result with m any consequences due to teenage pregnancy. This paper will strictly focus on the effects females experience through teenage pregnancy. The reader will be able to develop an overall understanding of the causes of teen pregnancy. Also, the reader will be able to distinguish the psychosocial effects on the girl during adolescent pregnancy. The readerRead MoreThe Factors Of Teenage Pregnancy1558 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is normally identified as a deprived life choice, for example, tasks of teenage parenting have long-term impact on the mental health of the mother and children (Statistics New Zealand, 2003). It is important to identify the socioeconomic factors of teenage pregnancy to lower the chances of mental health problems in young mothers. In this paper the aim is to analyse the main socioeconomic factors of teenage pregnancy and discuss how it affects the mental health of an adolescent motherRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1546 Words   |  7 PagesT eenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. Low-income communities have the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the United States. Because of the fact that this is a very controversial issue in the United States, it is very important that most questions be addressed. Questions like, why is a teenage girl in Mississippi four times as likely to give birth as a teenage girl in New Hampshire? Or why is the teen birth rate in Massachusetts 19Read MoreMotherhood and Pregnancy1429 Words   |  6 Pagesmother victorious in her life. In this modern world women’s attitude against pregnancy and being a mother is changing accordingly. There occurs so many miscarriages and maternal death during the pregnancy. A woman should be physically, and more over mentally set to have a baby in her womb. Considering the biological fitness of health it’s said that safer age to be get pregnant is in between 20 to 29. Early pregnancy in the teenage age of 13 to 20 and the delayed motherhood age after 35 is challenging toRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesTeenage Pregnancy Over one million teenage girls become pregnant each year. In the next 24 hours, about 3,312 girls will become pregnant. In addition, 43% of all adolescents become pregnant before the age of 20. These are incredible statistics when you consider that there are only 31 million females. The United States has the highest adolescent pregnancy rate in the developed world. As statistics show one in nine women between the ages of 15 through 19 become pregnant each year. Also, everyRead MoreTeenage Moms That Are Still In High School Get Pregnant1391 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage moms that are still in high school get pregnant at a young age, and are not able to support themselves or their child. There were just under a quarter million pregnancies in women ages fifteen to nineteen in 2014. About eighty-five percent of these pregnancies are unplanned, which in any population can increase the risk for problems. The biggest risk for teen mothers is delaying prenatal care or worse, about seven perc ent received no care at all. According to CDC, In 2014, almost 250,000Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic growth. Evidently, the younger generation represents the larger population of Belize and as suggested by a report, commissioned by the United Nations, Belize encompasses the highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the Caribbean followed by Guyana and Jamaica. Based on the media perspective, teenage pregnancy is a rising issue in Belize that should be taken more seriously. It’s an epidemic ruining lives and perpetuating poverty. According to Sheila Roseau, Director of UNFPA SROC, the birth-rates in

Salman Rushdie Free Essays

Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie is unarguably one of the most controversial contemporary English novelist. His novelistic sensibility is individualistic and entrepreneurial, making him a literary risk-taker even at the age of 58. He hates all orthodoxies-religious as well as literary. We will write a custom essay sample on Salman Rushdie or any similar topic only for you Order Now His literary iconoclasm has won him a distinguished place in pantheons of worlds contemporary writers. Whereas his religious iconoclasm has made him an infamous figure amongst the Muslims worldwide. He stands for free speech in writings. His novels are often political statements. ‘The Satanic Verses’ brought this Indian born Muslim uthor violent ire from Muslim world. The novel was interpreted as blasphemous and an insult to prophet Muhammad. Overnight Rushdie became an iconoclast for his blasphemy. It was the first instant in modern times that a government had issued a death sentence ‘ fatwa, in Islamic fashion’ to a foreign national. And the censorship on this novel by the Islamic countries caused much international diplomatic crisis. The Western and the Muslim world was now culturally divided. The core value of ‘ freedom of expression ‘ was pitted against the ‘intolerance for insult to Prophet. Muhammad’ , the messiah of Muslims. The novels of Salman Rushdie evoked much controversy even before The Satanic Verses. Rushdie as a writer played the role of an ‘antagonist to the state. ’ Many have called Rushdie an intellectual who criticizes or ridicules nearly everything. It is this intellectual daring that offends and embitters people. His books attack and revile the Gandhis and modern India, the leadership in Pakistan,American foreign policy,fundamentalist Islam and Britain et al . He critisizes the West for their social, cultural and political colonialism. His ttacks come with his charecteristic non-chalance, typical of him. If Rushdies views are to be interpreted, ‘ insults’ are justified as a part of artistic freedom which should ensure liberty to ‘offend’ cherished beliefs. Rushdie is a self-confessed aposta te. This further provokes the ire of Muslim clerics. This essay begins by assuming that ‘intellectualism’ is not an end in itself and therefore should be sensitized to the needs of global audience. Reason in art should not evoke passions, else, it shall defeat it’s own purpose. An artists reason should be in harmony with his own passion for art. In ‘Kahlil Gibran’s’ words , a man’s reason and passion are the rudder and sails of the seafaring soul. If either of them is broken he can but toss and drift or be at standstill in mid-seas. There is even a school of thought advocating ‘Art for art’s sake’. Politicizing art has it’s own perils . A political statement made through a literary or artistic work in truth further divides the society. History is replete with examples of civil unrest caused when artist makes a political statement through his work of art. Hence, the people are ‘right to be offended’ by Rushdies novels. However, Rushdies novels have often offended people because of misinterpretation or rumors. He has been considered to be siding with the West instead of the Islamic Orientalists. The language of the book ‘ English’ was a matter controversy. His novels have been considered to be based upon flights of literary imagination, subjectivity and unscientific facts. Hence there have been numerous complaints about the novels inaccuracies; lack of critical appraisals and historical research. The Muslim world limits free speech as a part of it’s religious ethics and ethos. They are not yet prepared for he concept of free speech and blasphemy against religion. The gulf between the Christian West and Muslim Middle-East remains and has Historical roots mentioned in the holy books like Bible and Qur’an. Hence any artistic work by an individual iconoclast might be considered as a war propaganda of America and Britain against Islam. What adds fuel to this fire is that despit e the passionate protests by the Muslim world many Western governments didn’t ban The Satanic Verses. The Western media widened the gulf between the Muslim protesters and Rushdies supporters. Far from peace making efforts it spiced the affair. Rushdie earned $ 2 million USD in the first year of publication of ‘The Satanic Verses’. The ‘ Fatwa’ ,bans and international protests only gave Rushdie more publicity. The public got the much wanted spice. The West has become immune to taboo and sacrilege. Blasphemy is nothing new. Many controversial and dangerous works of art are freely available in the West. Blasphemy against Jesus doesn’t shock the West anymore. The Nazi holocaust portrayed in many films sells defying controversies. There is much cynicism in the West. Perhaps a consequence of too much progress with materialism. Consequentially, there is utter disregard to human sensitivities. The West just can not understand the cultural apparatus in which the Muslims are brought up. Islam is most sacred to them. Satanic Verses thus caused hurt and anger to the Muslims. The media too turned away from the Muslims during and after the Rushdie Affair. Muslims felt estranged and isolated. The West gauges other societies with their ability to assimilate into their own society. Muslims were portrayed as narrow- minded ‘fanatics’ and ‘fundamentalists’ because they were ‘anti-democratic’ and ‘anti- liberal’. After the Rushdie Affair the anti-Islamic sentiment was reborn in the West. The anti-Islamic tradition has been depicted in Western literature even in the Medieval period. Rushdie offended the Muslims with direct derogatory references to Prophet Mohammad and his companions. The texts in his novel ‘ The Satanic references ‘ cast aspersion on the chastity of the supremely revered prophet Muhammad. He rebukes the Muslim society to the extent of calling it Jahil ( Ignorant). Western critiques use their own yardsticks to measure Muslim reactions and literary attacks on them. Muslims have been ontinually offended by Rushdie. Adding insult to injury his publishing company, Random House, announced publishing a new paperback edition of The Satanic Verses on April the 7th 1998; the day Muslims celebrate Eid Ul-Adha, the holiest day of the Islamic calendar ( Abdul Adil’s article ‘Rushdie Provokes Muslims’, The Muslim News, 24th April 1998). Rushdies adventures with the pen don’t end up with ‘The Satanic Verses’. He paints a dismal and grotesque picture of Pakistan. Many orthodox patriotic Pakistani Muslims would protest it. He describes Pakistan as being caught between bscurity and march towards modernism. In the novel ‘Shame’ he makes a mockery of the political turmoil, military coups, corruption and censorship on art in Pakistan. In his characteristic style he chooses the characters of his novels based upon real life political figures. He writes political satires that insensitively ridicule these political figures and the political establishments themselves. In ‘The Moor’s Last Sigh’ Salman Rushdie lashes at Hindu fanaticism. Rushdies ‘Hindu fanatic character’ is convinced of eliminating Muslims from India. Bombay bursts into flames of communal riots. He comments Bombay is no more the city of his youth days – the bustling metropolis. He now describes it as a city of religious fanatics and mafia dons. The book is about the countries departing from harmless and innocent way of life. In the novel the downfall of a family portrays the downfall of a nation. The Rushdie compares Hindu fundamentalism with the Nazi racist ideology justifying minority genocide. Rise in Hindu fervor, popularly known as ‘the saffron surge’ can be considered as a representation of a Hindu political stance. His comparative analysis with Nazism in World War –2 Germany is taking things a little bit too far. This might offend many Hindu conservatives. In this way Rushdie exaggerates the spurt in Hindu activism to the extent of being destructive to India as a secular nation. In ‘Midnight’s Children’ he accuses Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India of assuring the Hindu majority vote by appropriating the images of Hindu Goddesses. He accuses right wing Hindu’s of distorting History and accuses them of taking revenge from History. He criticizes all political parties in India on some or the other ground and spares none. Conclusion : Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the people are right in being offended by Rushdies novels. He doesn’t censor his own flamboyant spirit as a writer. His personal dislikes bias his literary works. Iconoclasm should be ventured if it is tolerable. Rushdies daring intellectual attacks in his literary works reflect his insensitivity towards peoples core beliefs. What offends people even more is that he doesn’t regret the damage that people assume he causes. Perhaps he is too ahead of the people in time. A fact that he himself doesn’t realize. The gulf between the liberal West and the predominantly Oriental. East can’t be bridged overnight. Especially not with a few strokes of the pen. In an ideological conflict between these two rival parties other groups with vested interests make gains. For example : the Western media, the oil companies etc. 9/11 and it’s aftermath have heightened the tension and sensitivity in the relations between the West and the Muslim world. In this scenario his novels could be even more offensive. They could act as catalysts and trigger violent protests. The 9/11 terrorist attack has once again opened the wounds and the scars left by crusades in the course of History. Rushdie is anti-establishment. He has to take this stance as he is by nature against all orthodoxies. His works are political statements in themselves. The political satires he writes win him political ire. He makes rivals not only out of individuals and groups but also out of political establishments. Even the purpose of his intellectual activity, journey and destination are unknown. Sheer intellectual activity leads nowhere. Intellect is like a knife that cuts both ways. It hurts both the parties. The sea of life can be crossed only in an arc of faith. How to cite Salman Rushdie, Papers

Who Was Jesus Essays (1123 words) - Religion, Jesus And History

Who Was Jesus? The influence of Jesus of Nazareth, the man, was enormous in his lifetime two millenniums ago, but even more incredible is how his influence has increased today as a member of Christianitys Holy Trinity. Nearly two billion of the worlds people worship Jesus as the Son of God today, and even more participate in the mission he began of giving oneself through service to others. Jesus was born between B.C. 8 and B.C. 4. It was originally believed that he was born in the year 1 A.D., but that later changed when it was discovered that King Herod the Great, who died in B.C. 4, was ruler at the time of Jesus birth; therefore, Jesus had to have been born before then (Bowmen). It is believed by Christians that Jesus is the incarnate of God and was divinely conceived by Mary, the husband of Joseph, a carpenter in Nazareth (Matthew 1:18-25). Jesus was born in Bethlehem, in a remote manger just outside of town. After his birth, word traveled to Herod that Jesus was believed to be the Messiah, King of the Jews. This did not please Herod, who believed himself to be King of the Jews, and he was unwilling to let an infant take his place. So he ordered that all of the male babies in Bethlehem to be killed (Matthew 2:16). Mary and Joseph were not going to allow their son to be killed, ruining the chances of salvation for the Jews (Thomas). To get Jesus out of the reach of Herod and his troops, Mary and Joseph went on a flight to Egypt, where they could live without fear of someone coming to murder their son. After some time had passed, the family moved back to their hometown in Galilee. While there Jesus received an education, learning the Greek and Aramaic languages. Most people think that Jesus was the first Christian, however, he was actually born and raised as a Jew, and known as the King of the Jews. (Zanzig 151) Like all young Jews Jesus was also taught from the Torah, through which he learned history and the Jewish law. His father Joseph was a carpenter, so it was expected that Jesus would also become a carpenter, which in fact he did for several years. When Jesus grew older he followed a prophet named John. When John was arrested, Jesus followed in his footsteps and went on preaching the Word of God (Whitney). It is unknown whether or not Jesus thought of himself as the Messiah. His message always pointed away from himself and towards God. Jesus was an eloquent speaker - he could debate and engage listeners as well as anyone. Jesus was not always liked, as he was often presented with questions that were asked simply to confuse him or put him under pressure. It is often said that when faced with that type of uncomfortable and difficult situation, Jesus could always respond with a focused and thoughtful answer, never losing his patience or succumbing to the pressure (Whitney). Jesus made many of his statements by performing extraordinary actions, such as eating with the lepers and the other social rejects. He also amazed people by performing miracles of healing. One of Jesus most amazing feats was when he raised Lazarus of Bethany, a close friend of Jesus, from the dead (John 11:1-44). Jesus had many successful teaching styles. One technique was when he was in contact with the people, he would tell a story and then allow for questions to be asked so that he could explain the lessons and morals held within. Another technique was one in which he used the symbolism in parables to reveal morals and lessons to the people. Jesus often made the hero in the story someone who was not well liked by most people, such as a leper or a tax collector. This is one way that he taught the Golden Rule: love our neighbors as we love ourselves. Another important teaching of Jesus was the perfect love that God gives everyone, and he emphasizes the gift of forgiveness that God gives to anyone seeking it. Jesus teachings were seen by some as revolutions against Rome, some scholars